索羅斯是怎樣發迹的

Jea Yu  2016年8月11日

喬治•索羅斯擁有249億美元的淨資產，並且是索羅斯基金管理公司的創始人兼董事長。截止到2016年7月，他是福佈斯富豪榜中全世界第23富有的人。他在1992年著名的做空英鎊的舉動為他贏得了超過10億美元的利潤並且使他獲得了“擊垮英格蘭銀行的人”的稱號。他的量子基金在超過30年的時間裡平均年收益超過33%。他進行的慈善活動獲得了非常高的贊譽，而他的政治聲明卻飽受爭議。本文將講述喬治•索羅斯是如何發迹的。

早年時期

喬治•索羅斯於1930年8月12日出生在匈牙利的佈達佩斯。他的猶太姓氏是Schwartz。他的父親Tivadar在俄國大革命時期成為了一戰戰犯，之後成功逃離了俄羅斯並與在佈達佩斯的家人團聚。索羅斯在納粹佔領時期經歷了對匈牙利猶太人的不斷迫害。他協助他的父親僞造了數以千計的文件說明同胞逃離匈牙利的大屠殺。這時他的家庭經常進入隐藏階段，有時會分開。在這期間索羅斯學會了大量的生存技能。

華爾街崛起

1947年，索羅斯開始了倫敦經濟學院的學習生涯。他的導師是創造了“開放社會”一詞的哲學家Karl Popper，這一理念正好與他遭遇並厭惡的獨裁統治相反。他的慈善學和哲學觀點形成於這一時期。畢業四年後，索羅斯開始在倫敦銀行從事財務職位。1956年，索羅斯移民到英國並在紐約梅倫銀行獲得了一個套利交易員職位。索羅斯在華爾街許多公司從事過交易員和分析師。轉變出現在他1967年管理第一個離岸基金First Eagle Fund之後。這一成功使他在1969年推出了名為Double Eagle Fund的第二個基金。

量子基金

索羅斯和他的助手吉姆·羅傑斯在1973年離職並成立索羅斯基金管理公司。這是一個對沖基金，之後它又被重新名為索羅斯基金並最終在1979年成為了量子基金。該基金成立以來的回報率達到了3365%，而同期的標準普爾500指數的回報率為47%。1981年，量子基金增長到3.81億美元，當時索羅斯的淨資產據估計超過1億美元。1981年索羅斯被評為“世界上最偉大的基金經理”，吉姆·羅傑斯同年從該公司辞職。索羅斯不能再進行匿名操作。他將量子基金的日常管理轉包給其他幾個基金經理。該基金1985年的回報率為122%使1986年管理的資產達到了15億美元。

成長和擴張

索羅斯在1989年招募Stan Druckenmiller管理量子基金。到1993年，Stan Druckenmiller創造了40%的平均年回報。1992年著名的英鎊做空使其盈利超過10萬美元，此外還在東京證券交易所、瑞典克朗和意大利里拉的交易中產生了約10億美元的利潤。1993年，索羅斯成為首個年收入超過10億的美國人，當時的量子基金年收益為61.5%。索羅斯在量子基金旗下創建了其他幾個基金進行多元化投資，包括1993年建立的量子不動產基金和1994年創立的量子工業控股基金。類星體基金創立於1991年。在1997年增加量子新興市場增長基金和Quota Fund後其管理的基金總數達到了六個。截止到2016年7月15日，這些基金全部在家庭管理辦公室索羅斯基金管理公司旗下。據估計該公司管理的總資產超過280億美元。

How Did George Soros Get Rich?

By Jea Yu | August 11, 2016 — 4:13 PM EDT

George Soros has a net worth of $24.9 billion and is the founder and chairman of Soros Fund Management LLC. He is ranked 23rd on the Forbes 400 list of the richest people in the world, as of July 2016. Soros amassed his fortune as one of the world's greatest speculators in the global financial markets. His famous bet against the British pound in 1992 generated more than $1 billion in profits in 24 hours and earned him the title of "the man who broke the Bank of England." His Quantum Fund earned a 33% annualized return for more than 30 years. His philanthropic activities have garnered much acclaim, while his political statements have sparked much controversy. This is how the legendary George Soros made his fortune.

The Early Years

George Soros was born in Budapest, Hungary, on Aug. 12, 1930. His Jewish birth surname was Schwartz. His father changed his last name to Soros in 1936 to avoid potential problems with their religion. His father, Tivadar, was a World War I prisoner during the Russian Revolution, who successfully escaped Russia to rejoin his family in Budapest. Soros experienced the growing persecution of Hungarian Jews during the Nazi occupation. He aided his father in forging thousands of documents to help his countrymen flee Hungary during the Holocaust. The family regularly went into periods of hiding, sometimes separately. Soros honed his survival skills during these times.

Wall Street Bound

By 1947, Soros enrolled in the London School of Economics. His mentor, Karl Popper, was a philosopher who coined the term "open society," which was the opposite of the dictatorships that he had lived through and loathed. His philanthropic and philosophical views were molded during this time. Four years after his graduation, Soros landed a financial position at a London bank. In 1956, Soros moved to the United States to procure a position as an arbitrage trader at New York-based firm F.M. Mayer. Soros worked at a number of Wall Street firms as a trader and analyst. The tipping point was when he managed his first offshore fund, the First Eagle Fund, at Arnold and S. Bleichroeder in 1967. His success led to him launch a second fund called the Double Eagle Fund in 1969.

The Quantum Fund

Soros and his assistant Jim Rogers, left the firm and formed Soros Fund Management in 1973. Structured as a hedge fund, it was renamed the Soros Fund and eventually became the Quantum Fund in 1979. The fund earned a 3,365% return since inception, compared to 47% for the Standard and Poor's 500 (S&P 500) index during the same period. By 1981, the Quantum fund had grown to $381 million, while Soros was estimated to be worth over $100 million. Jim Rogers resigned from the firm the same year that Institutional Investordubbed George Soros as "The World's Greatest Money Manager" in its June 1981 cover story. Soros could no longer be anonymous. He outsourced the day-to-day management of the Quantum fund to several different managers. The fund generated a 122% return in 1985, surpassing $1.5 billion in assets under management by 1986.

Growth and Expansion

Soros recruited Stan Druckenmiller to manage the Quantum fund in 1989. Druckenmiller proceeded to generate a 40% annual average return by 1993. The infamous short against the British pound trade in 1992 generated over $1 billion in profits, in addition to generating an estimated $1 billion in profits from trades on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, Swedish krona and Italian lira. Soros was estimated to have earned $650 million that year. In 1993, Soros was the first American to earn over $1 billion annually, when the Quantum Fund generated a 61.5% annual return. Soros diversified investments with the creation of several new funds under the Quantum umbrella, including the Quantum Realty Fund in 1993 and the Quantum Industrial Holdings Fund in 1994, which was managed by Druckenmiller. The Quasar Fund launched in 1991. Soros added the Quantum Emerging Growth Fund and the Quota Fund for a total of six funds by 1997. The funds are all part of Soros Fund Management LLC, which is a privately owned family office, as of July 15, 2016. The company's total assets under management are estimated at $28 billion.

本文翻譯由兄弟財經提供

文章來源：http://www.investopedia.com/articles/insights/081116/how-did-george-soros-get-rich.asp