Matthew Johnston 2015年9月8日
中國最近由於股市暴跌和人民幣貶值使全球擔心其經濟增長放緩登上了許多新聞頭條。除了最近的新聞，中國經濟已經舉足輕重有一段時間了，自30多年前開始市場經濟改革後平均經濟增長率為10%。如果你不了解，這裡有五個關於中國經濟有趣的事實。
經濟規模
根據購買力平價測量的GDP，中國在2014年擁有全球最大的經濟規模，約為17.62萬億美元。使用跨國間市場匯率比較，中國位居第二，以總GDP10.38萬億排在美國之後。
不管這些測量方法，中國的經濟規模是巨大的，其產出占全球總量的15%，而近年來全球產出的50%與其有關。
最大的能源消費國
2010年中國成為世界上最大的能源消費國和第二大消費國，最大的原油進口國。這使得中國對全球石油需求和石油價格非常重要。事實上，中國經濟增長放緩無疑是過去一年原油價格下跌的主要原因。兩位數的經濟增長時期很可能已經過去，因此油價下跌很可能成為新的現狀，至少在不久的將來是這樣的。
股票市場
另外，規模巨大是對中國兩個股票市場上海證券交易所和深圳證券交易所最好的描述，二者總市場資產為10.3萬億美元，僅在紐約證券交易所之後。
然而，盡管規模很大，只有少於7%的城鎮居民投資股票並且不到企業股本融資總額的5%。債務和留存收益是中國公司的主要資金來源。顯然，中國股票市場在中國經濟中的比重比美國股票市場在美國經濟中的比重小的多。
中國的貨幣
中國貨幣官方稱為人民幣，但是通常被叫成其基本點位——元。
中國一直被美國議員指責人為保持人民幣對美元的低價值以使出口更有競争力。然而，人民幣自2005年以來升值超過了30%，而且上週中國人民銀行對人民幣的貶值受到了國際貨幣基金組織的歡迎。國際貨幣基金組織認為貶值後的價值更符合市場力量決定的價值。
企業部分
今年，中國有98家企業登上《財富》雜志“全球500強”名單，排在美國128家的之後的第二名。但是中國企業登上世界500名單的增長迅速，2000年只有10家，而2010年只有46家。
有趣的是，這98家中的12家是國有的。事實上，這些國有企業完整的組成了中國内地經濟。這些國有企業這些年來受到國家幫助免於私人競争。
然而，遵循中國從共產主義向更加以市場為源頭的資本主義經濟的過度，最近中國國務院已經批準了新措施，加大政府與國有企業日常運作的距離。
總結
中國已經在較短的時間内成為了一個經濟強國並且變成了國際經濟事務中的一個主要因素。但是，隨著中國實施進一步自由化市場改革和轉型，從出口驅動經濟到消費驅動經濟，其增長率可能永久的低於過去30年的水平。雖然這能提供更穩定的增長，世界其他國家需要適應更低的全球需求，至少在短期内是這樣的。
5 Things to Know About the Chinese Economy
By Matthew Johnston | September 08, 2015
China has been making a lot of headlines lately with tumbling stock markets and surprise devaluations of the yuan that has the global economy worried about the country's slowing growth. Aside from recent headlines, China’s economy has been a big deal for a while now having grown at an average of 10% since beginning the implementation of free-market reforms over 30 years ago. In case you didn’t know, here are five interesting facts about the Chinese economy.
Economic Size
According to the purchasing power parity measure of comparing total gross domestic product (GDP), China had the largest economy in the world estimated to be $17.62 trillion in 2014. Using the market exchange rates for making inter-country comparisons China ranks second behind the U.S. with a total GDP estimated at $10.38 trillion in 2014.
Regardless of the measure, China’s economy is massive as it accounts for 15% of total world output and has been responsible for about half of global output growth in recent years.
Largest Energy Consumer
In 2010 China became the world’s largest energy consumer and stands as the second biggest consumer, albeit the world’s largest net importer of oil. This makes China extremely significant for global oil demand and consequently oil prices. In fact, slower growth in China is definitely a major factor in the recent plunge in oil prices over the past year. The double-digit growth that China has experienced in recent years is likely to be a thing of the past and hence lower oil prices could also be the new status quo, at least for the near future.
Stock Market
Again, massive is the best word to describe China’s two stock markets—the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SHZ)—that combined, have a total market capitalization of $10.3 trillion that is second only to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
Yet, despite their size, less than 7% of urban Chinese citizens invest in the stock market and less than 5% of total corporate financing is funded by equity; debt and retained earnings are the primary source of funding for Chinese companies. Evidently, China’s stock markets play a much smaller role in the Chinese economy than U.S. stock markets do in the American economy.
China’s Currency
Officially, China’s currency goes by the title of the renminbi (RMB), but it is more commonly referred to by its basic unit of measure—the yuan.
China has been criticized by U.S. lawmakers for keeping the value of the yuan artificially low relative to the U.S. dollar in order make its exports more competitive. Yet, the yuan has actually appreciated more than 30% against the dollar since 2005, and the move by the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) to devalue last month was welcomed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The fund views the new lower value as more consistent with a value determined by market forces.
Corporate Sector
This year, China had 98 companies make Fortune’s "Global 500" list ranking it second behind the U.S. with 128 companies. But the number of Chinese companies making the top 500 list has been growing rapidly as only 10 companies were based in China in 2000 and only 46 in 2010.
Perhaps, even more interesting is that the top 12 of these 98 companies are all state owned. In fact, these state-owned enterprises (SOEs) make up a full quarter of China’s mainland economy. The SOEs have been able to garner generous state support throughout the years helping to insulate them from private competition.
Yet, consistent with China’s attempts to move from a communist to a more market-oriented capitalist economy, recently the Chinese State Council has approved new measures to create greater distance between the government and the day-to-day operations of its SOEs.
The Bottom Line
China has managed to become an economic powerhouse in a relatively short period of time and has become a major factor in international economic affairs. But, as China looks to implement further free-market reforms and transition from an export and investment-driven economy to a consumer-driven economy, its growth rates are likely to be permanently lower than they have been over the past 30 years. While this should provide for more stable growth, the rest of the world will have to get used to lower global demand, at least in the short term.
本文翻譯由兄弟財經提供
文章來源：http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/090815/5-things-know-about-chinese-economy.asp